Soviet Nerve Agent Linked to Russian Politician Illness
2020-09-06
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1Novichok is a deadly nerve agent that left Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny in a coma. It also nearly killed a former Russian spy and his daughter in 2018. 2Novichok was the creation of a very secretive chemical weapons program when Russia was part of the Soviet Union. Here is a look at the nerve agent and its history. 3How deadly is Novichok? 4Novichok has been described as much deadlier than anything created by the United States. Just a few milligrams of the odorless liquid are enough to kill a person in a few minutes. The nerve agent could be watered down to the desired amount and added to food or drink. It also could be placed on clothing or other things the intended victim will touch. 5In the attack on former Russian spy Sergei Skripal, a small amount was placed on the front door of his house in Salisbury, England. He and his daughter Yulia spent weeks at a local hospital in critical condition before recovering. A local woman later died after she found a bottle containing the nerve agent. 6What does Russia say about Novichok poisonings? 7Russia strongly denied British accusations over the poisoning of the Skripals. It accused Britain and other Western nations of using the poisoning to fuel an anti-Russian campaign. 8German Chancellor Angela Merkel called Navalny's poisoning an attempted murder that aimed to silence the fiercest critic of Russian President Vladimir Putin. 9Russia has demanded that Germany share all information leading to its announcement that Navalny was poisoned. Russia also has called for a joint investigation effort. 10President Putin's spokesman, Dmitry Peskov, said Thursday that "there is no reason to accuse the Russian state" over the poisoning. He said that Russian doctors in Siberia found no evidence of poisoning. 11Navalny was on a flight from Tomsk, in Siberia, to Moscow when he collapsed. The flight returned and Navalny was taken to a hospital in Omsk, also in Siberia. 12Sergei Naryshkin is the head of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service. He said it is possible that Navalny's poisoning was carried out by Western intelligence agencies as a provocation. 13When was Novichok designed? 14The Soviet program to design a new generation of chemical weapons was launched in the 1970s to answer the latest U.S. chemical weapons. The Soviets created several deadly poisons, some no less than military-grade nerve agents. 15The Soviet leadership later lost interest in chemical weapons. Novichok-class nerve agents were made only in small amounts for use in laboratories. Vladimir Uglev was a top scientist in the program. He has estimated about 100 kilograms were made. 16Is it possible to identify where Novichok was made? 17Russian experts who have worked on the Novichok class of agents have warned it may never be possible to know where the nerve agent came from. To identify which lab manufactured a given batch of Novichok, investigators need another sample from the same batch -- an impossible requirement. 18Could it fall into the wrong hands? 19The main Soviet research center that created the Novichok nerve agents was in Shikhany, a town in southwestern Russia. It was one of the "closed cities" controlled by Soviet security forces. The research center also had chemical weapons storage areas and a military firing range. Nerve agents were tested there during Soviet rule. 20Some Novichok-related research also was done at a research center in Moscow. It shared samples with other labs across the Soviet Union. 21When the Soviet Union collapsed, the United States attempted to oversee the destruction of chemical weapons in Russia. Scientists involved in the program said it was possible that lab workers may have sold the nerve agents during the economic and political unrest of the 1990s. 22Russia said in 2017 it completed the destruction of 40,000 metric tons of chemical weapons left over from the Soviet period. At first, the Novichok nerve agents were not listed in the Chemical Weapons Convention, an international document that banned chemical weapons. 23Last year, however, they were added to the list of chemicals that require special verification measures under the treaty's rules. 24I'm Susan Shand. 25The Associated Press reported this story. Susan Shand adapted it for Learning English. George Grow was the editor. 26__________________________________________________ 27Words in This Story 28coma - n. the state of unconsciousness caused by illness or accident 29odorless - adj. not having a small 30intend - v. a thing that is meant to be done 31batch - n. items made from the same ingredients 32provocation - n. an act that one hopes will cause another to react 33range - n. a place for shooting guns or rifles 34verification - n. the act of proving something is true